Many TOEFL test-takers face challenges due to limited vocabulary, which can negatively affect their performance in all four sections of the exam: reading, listening, speaking, and writing. A strong academic vocabulary is essential to understand and respond accurately to the test materials.
This TOEFL wordlist is carefully structured to facilitate effective learning by organizing words according to their frequency and relevance to different test sections. It includes essential academic vocabulary drawn from recognized sources like the Academic Word List, which covers the most common words across academic disciplines.
How to Use This TOEFL Wordlist Effectively
Understand the Organization System
The wordlist is grouped by frequency and relevance to specific TOEFL test sections. This means high-frequency words and those most likely to appear in Reading, Listening, Speaking, or Writing are prioritized, helping you focus your efforts where they matter most.
Each entry includes the word’s definition, an example sentence, synonyms, and a note on which test section it is most relevant to. This structure ensures you learn not just the meaning, but also context and usage, which is essential for TOEFL success.
Accolade (noun) Definition: An award or expression of praise. Example: She received an accolade for her outstanding academic achievements. Synonyms: honor, award, praise
Adapt (verb) Definition: To adjust to new conditions. Example: Students must adapt to different teaching styles in college. Synonyms: adjust, modify, acclimate
Advocate (verb/noun) Definition: (v) To support or recommend; (n) a person who supports a cause. Example: The professor advocates for more research funding. Synonyms: support, recommend, proponent
Allocate (verb) Definition: To distribute resources or duties for a specific purpose. Example: The university allocated funds for new laboratory equipment. Synonyms: assign, distribute, allot
Analyze (verb) Definition: To examine in detail for understanding. Example: We must analyze the data before drawing conclusions. Synonyms: examine, assess, evaluate
Anticipate (verb) Definition: To expect or predict. Example: The researchers anticipated an increase in temperature. Synonyms: expect, predict, foresee
Appropriate (adjective) Definition: Suitable or proper. Example: Use appropriate language in your essay. Synonyms: suitable, proper, fitting
Articulate (verb) Definition: To express clearly. Example: He could articulate his ideas effectively. Synonyms: express, communicate, enunciate
Assess (verb) Definition: To evaluate or estimate. Example: The teacher will assess your progress. Synonyms: evaluate, judge, appraise
Assume (verb) Definition: To suppose without proof. Example: Don’t assume everyone understands the instructions. Synonyms: presume, suppose, believe
Bias (noun) Definition: A preference or prejudice for or against something. Example: The study tried to eliminate bias in its results. Synonyms: prejudice, partiality, favoritism
Briefly (adverb) Definition: In a short time or using few words. Example: Please explain your answer briefly. Synonyms: concisely, shortly, succinctly
Broaden (verb) Definition: To make wider or more inclusive. Example: Studying abroad can broaden your perspective. Synonyms: expand, widen, enlarge
Cite (verb) Definition: To quote as evidence. Example: You must cite your sources in academic writing. Synonyms: quote, reference, mention
Clarify (verb) Definition: To make clear or easier to understand. Example: Can you clarify your main point? Synonyms: explain, elucidate, simplify
Cohesive (adjective) Definition: Forming a united whole. Example: The essay is cohesive and easy to follow. Synonyms: unified, connected, consistent
Collaborate (verb) Definition: To work together. Example: Scientists often collaborate on research projects. Synonyms: cooperate, work together, partner
Comprehensive (adjective) Definition: Covering all or nearly all elements. Example: The review was comprehensive and detailed. Synonyms: complete, thorough, exhaustive
Conclude (verb) Definition: To bring to an end; to decide after consideration. Example: The study concluded that exercise improves health. Synonyms: finish, deduce, infer
Consequence (noun) Definition: A result or effect. Example: Poor time management can have negative consequences. Synonyms: result, outcome, effect
Consistent (adjective) Definition: Unchanging in nature, standard, or effect over time. Example: She showed consistent improvement. Synonyms: steady, reliable, uniform
Constitute (verb) Definition: To make up or form. Example: Women constitute half of the student body. Synonyms: compose, form, make up
Context (noun) Definition: The circumstances surrounding an event or idea. Example: Understanding context is key to comprehension. Synonyms: background, situation, framework
Contrast (verb/noun) Definition: (v) To compare in order to show differences; (n) the state of being different. Example: Contrast the two theories. Synonyms: compare, differ, distinction
Contribute (verb) Definition: To give or add to something. Example: Many factors contribute to climate change. Synonyms: add, give, supply
Conventional (adjective) Definition: Based on what is generally done or believed. Example: The method is conventional but effective. Synonyms: traditional, standard, customary
Convey (verb) Definition: To communicate or make known. Example: The author conveys her message clearly. Synonyms: communicate, express, transmit
Critically (adverb) Definition: In a way that involves careful judgment. Example: Think critically about the argument. Synonyms: analytically, evaluatively, judiciously
Criteria (noun) Definition: Standards by which something is judged. Example: The criteria for selection are strict. Synonyms: standards, measures, benchmarks
Cumulative (adjective) Definition: Increasing or growing by accumulation. Example: The cumulative effect of stress can be harmful. Synonyms: collective, combined, aggregate
Data (noun) Definition: Facts and statistics collected for analysis. Example: The data supports the hypothesis. Synonyms: information, statistics, figures
Deduce (verb) Definition: To reach a conclusion from the information given. Example: From the evidence, we deduce that he was present. Synonyms: infer, conclude, reason
Demonstrate (verb) Definition: To show clearly by example. Example: The experiment demonstrates the theory. Synonyms: show, exhibit, illustrate
Derive (verb) Definition: To obtain from a source. Example: The word derives from Latin. Synonyms: obtain, extract, originate
Determine (verb) Definition: To decide or establish something after study. Example: The results will determine the next steps. Synonyms: decide, establish, conclude
Devote (verb) Definition: To give time or resources to something. Example: She devoted herself to her studies. Synonyms: dedicate, commit, allocate
Diminish (verb) Definition: To make or become less. Example: The medicine diminished his pain. Synonyms: decrease, reduce, lessen
Discrepancy (noun) Definition: A difference or inconsistency. Example: There is a discrepancy between the two reports. Synonyms: difference, inconsistency, divergence
Distinct (adjective) Definition: Clearly different or separate. Example: The two species are distinct. Synonyms: separate, different, unique
Distribute (verb) Definition: To give out or spread over an area. Example: The teacher distributed the handouts. Synonyms: give out, allocate, spread
Diverse (adjective) Definition: Showing variety; very different. Example: The university has a diverse student body. Synonyms: varied, different, assorted
Document (verb/noun) Definition: (v) To record in written form; (n) an official paper. Example: Please document your sources. Synonyms: record, log, report
Dominate (verb) Definition: To control or have power over. Example: One company dominates the market. Synonyms: control, rule, command
Elaborate (verb/adjective) Definition: (v) To explain in greater detail; (adj) detailed and complicated. Example: Please elaborate on your answer. Synonyms: expand, explain, detail
Emphasize (verb) Definition: To give special importance to something. Example: The teacher emphasized the importance of attendance. Synonyms: highlight, stress, underline
Empirical (adjective) Definition: Based on observation or experiment. Example: The theory is supported by empirical evidence. Synonyms: experimental, observed, factual
Enhance (verb) Definition: To improve or increase. Example: The new software enhances productivity. Synonyms: improve, boost, increase
Ensure (verb) Definition: To make certain that something will happen. Example: Please ensure your essay is submitted on time. Synonyms: guarantee, secure, make sure
Establish (verb) Definition: To set up or found. Example: The company was established in 1990. Synonyms: found, create, set up
Evaluate (verb) Definition: To judge or determine the value of. Example: The committee will evaluate the proposals. Synonyms: assess, judge, appraise
Evident (adjective) Definition: Clearly seen or understood. Example: It is evident that the plan needs revision. Synonyms: obvious, clear, apparent
Exceed (verb) Definition: To go beyond a limit. Example: The results exceeded our expectations. Synonyms: surpass, outdo, go beyond
Exclude (verb) Definition: To leave out or not include. Example: The study excluded certain variables. Synonyms: omit, leave out, eliminate
Exhibit (verb/noun) Definition: (v) To show; (n) a display. Example: The artist will exhibit her work. Synonyms: display, show, present
Expand (verb) Definition: To increase in size or scope. Example: The company plans to expand overseas. Synonyms: enlarge, increase, broaden
Expertise (noun) Definition: Specialized knowledge or skill. Example: She has expertise in data analysis. Synonyms: skill, knowledge, proficiency
Expose (verb) Definition: To make something visible or known. Example: The article exposed the problem. Synonyms: reveal, uncover, disclose
Extract (verb/noun) Definition: (v) To remove or take out; (n) a short passage from a text. Example: The dentist extracted the tooth. Synonyms: remove, take out, excerpt
Factor (noun) Definition: A circumstance, fact, or influence that contributes to a result. Example: Many factors affect academic success. Synonyms: element, component, influence
Fluctuate (verb) Definition: To change frequently. Example: Prices fluctuate depending on demand. Synonyms: vary, change, oscillate
Formulate (verb) Definition: To create or devise methodically. Example: Scientists formulate hypotheses before testing. Synonyms: create, devise, develop
Framework (noun) Definition: A basic structure underlying a system or concept. Example: The theory provides a framework for future research. Synonyms: structure, system, foundation
Fundamental (adjective) Definition: Basic and essential. Example: Reading is a fundamental skill. Synonyms: basic, essential, primary
Generate (verb) Definition: To produce or create. Example: The new policy will generate more jobs. Synonyms: produce, create, cause
Goal (noun) Definition: The object of a person’s ambition or effort. Example: Her goal is to become a doctor. Synonyms: aim, objective, target
Grant (verb/noun) Definition: (v) To give or allow; (n) a sum of money given by an organization. Example: The university granted him a scholarship. Synonyms: give, allow, award
Guideline (noun) Definition: A general rule or principle. Example: The teacher provided guidelines for the assignment. Synonyms: rule, principle, instruction
Hypothesis (noun) Definition: A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence. Example: The experiment tested the hypothesis. Synonyms: theory, supposition, assumption
Illustrate (verb) Definition: To explain or make something clear by using examples. Example: The graph illustrates the results. Synonyms: demonstrate, show, explain
Impact (noun/verb) Definition: (n) The effect or influence; (v) to have a strong effect. Example: The policy had a major impact on students. Synonyms: effect, influence, affect
Implement (verb) Definition: To put into effect. Example: The school implemented a new curriculum. Synonyms: carry out, execute, apply
Imply (verb) Definition: To suggest without stating directly. Example: The author implies that the solution is simple. Synonyms: suggest, hint, indicate
Incorporate (verb) Definition: To include as part of a whole. Example: Please incorporate these suggestions into your essay. Synonyms: include, integrate, combine
Indicate (verb) Definition: To point out or show. Example: The results indicate a need for improvement. Synonyms: show, point out, signal
Infer (verb) Definition: To deduce or conclude from evidence. Example: From the data, we can infer that the method works. Synonyms: deduce, conclude, reason
Innovative (adjective) Definition: Featuring new methods; advanced and original. Example: The company is known for its innovative products. Synonyms: creative, original, inventive
Interpret (verb) Definition: To explain the meaning of something. Example: The students interpreted the poem differently. Synonyms: explain, clarify, translate
Investigate (verb) Definition: To examine systematically. Example: The police will investigate the cause of the fire. Synonyms: examine, research, study
Justify (verb) Definition: To show or prove to be right or reasonable. Example: Please justify your answer with evidence. Synonyms: defend, support, explain
Legislate (verb) Definition: To make or enact laws. Example: The government legislated new safety measures. Synonyms: enact, make laws, establish
Likewise (adverb) Definition: In the same way; also. Example: She is interested in science, and her brother likewise. Synonyms: also, similarly, as well
Logical (adjective) Definition: Reasonable; making sense. Example: The argument was logical and convincing. Synonyms: rational, reasonable, coherent
Maintain (verb) Definition: To keep in good condition or continue. Example: It is important to maintain a healthy lifestyle. Synonyms: preserve, keep, continue
Major (adjective/noun) Definition: (adj) Very important or significant; (n) a student’s main area of study. Example: Climate change is a major concern. Synonyms: important, significant, primary
Method (noun) Definition: A way of doing something. Example: The scientific method is essential in research. Synonyms: technique, approach, procedure
Modify (verb) Definition: To change or alter. Example: The teacher modified the assignment. Synonyms: change, alter, adjust
Monitor (verb/noun) Definition: (v) To observe and check progress; (n) a device used for observing. Example: The doctor will monitor your progress. Synonyms: observe, watch, track
Negate (verb) Definition: To make ineffective or null. Example: The new evidence negates the previous theory. Synonyms: invalidate, nullify, cancel
Notion (noun) Definition: A belief or idea. Example: The notion of time travel fascinates many people. Synonyms: idea, belief, concept
Objective (noun/adjective) Definition: (n) A goal; (adj) not influenced by personal feelings. Example: The main objective is to improve efficiency. Synonyms: goal, aim, impartial
Obtain (verb) Definition: To get or acquire. Example: You must obtain permission before using the lab. Synonyms: get, acquire, receive
Occur (verb) Definition: To happen or take place. Example: The meeting will occur at noon. Synonyms: happen, take place, arise
Participate (verb) Definition: To take part in. Example: Students are encouraged to participate in discussions. Synonyms: take part, join, engage
Perceive (verb) Definition: To become aware of through the senses. Example: People perceive colors differently. Synonyms: sense, see, notice
Perspective (noun) Definition: A particular attitude or way of viewing something. Example: The book offers a new perspective on history. Synonyms: viewpoint, outlook, standpoint
Policy (noun) Definition: A course of action adopted by an organization. Example: The school has a strict attendance policy. Synonyms: rule, guideline, regulation
Potential (adjective/noun) Definition: (adj) Possible; (n) ability to develop. Example: She has the potential to succeed. Synonyms: possible, capability, ability
Precede (verb) Definition: To come before something in time. Example: The introduction precedes the main text. Synonyms: come before, lead, usher in
Predominant (adjective) Definition: Most common or most noticeable. Example: The predominant language is English. Synonyms: main, chief, principal
Preliminary (adjective) Definition: Coming before the main part. Example: Preliminary results are promising. Synonyms: initial, introductory, preparatory
Presume (verb) Definition: To suppose something is true without proof. Example: I presume you have finished your homework. Synonyms: assume, suppose, guess
Primary (adjective) Definition: Most important; first in order. Example: The primary reason for the change is cost. Synonyms: main, chief, principal
Principal (adjective/noun) Definition: (adj) Most important; (n) the head of a school. Example: The principal cause of failure is lack of effort. Synonyms: main, chief, head
Procedure (noun) Definition: An established way of doing something. Example: Follow the procedure carefully. Synonyms: process, method, routine
Proficient (adjective) Definition: Skilled and competent. Example: She is proficient in English. Synonyms: skilled, competent, adept
Proportion (noun) Definition: A part or share of a whole. Example: A large proportion of students passed. Synonyms: part, share, percentage
Pursue (verb) Definition: To follow or try to achieve. Example: She plans to pursue a career in medicine. Synonyms: follow, seek, strive for
Qualitative (adjective) Definition: Relating to the quality of something. Example: The study used qualitative methods. Synonyms: descriptive, subjective, non-numeric
Quantitative (adjective) Definition: Relating to the amount or number of something. Example: Quantitative data is essential for the analysis. Synonyms: numerical, measurable, statistical
Range (noun/verb) Definition: (n) The extent between limits; (v) to vary between limits. Example: The scores range from 60 to 100. Synonyms: span, extent, vary
React (verb) Definition: To respond to something. Example: How did the students react to the news? Synonyms: respond, reply, answer
Relevant (adjective) Definition: Closely connected or appropriate to the matter. Example: Include only relevant details in your essay. Synonyms: pertinent, applicable, related
Require (verb) Definition: To need or demand. Example: The course requires a lot of reading. Synonyms: need, demand, necessitate
Reside (verb) Definition: To live in a particular place. Example: She resides in New York. Synonyms: live, dwell, inhabit
Respond (verb) Definition: To reply or answer. Example: Please respond to the question. Synonyms: reply, answer, react
Restrict (verb) Definition: To limit the size or amount of something. Example: The law restricts the use of mobile phones while driving. Synonyms: limit, confine, constrain
Retain (verb) Definition: To keep or continue to have. Example: It’s hard to retain new vocabulary. Synonyms: keep, maintain, preserve
Reveal (verb) Definition: To make known or show. Example: The results reveal a surprising trend. Synonyms: show, disclose, uncover
Revise (verb) Definition: To change or correct something. Example: Revise your essay before submitting it. Synonyms: edit, change, modify
Section (noun) Definition: A distinct part of something. Example: Read the next section of the article. Synonyms: part, segment, division
Select (verb) Definition: To choose from a group. Example: Select the correct answer. Synonyms: choose, pick, elect
Significant (adjective) Definition: Important and meaningful. Example: There was a significant difference between the groups. Synonyms: important, meaningful, substantial
Source (noun) Definition: The origin of something. Example: Cite the source of your information. Synonyms: origin, reference, provider
Specify (verb) Definition: To state clearly and in detail. Example: Please specify your requirements. Synonyms: state, detail, define
Structure (noun/verb) Definition: (n) The arrangement of parts; (v) to organize. Example: The structure of the essay is clear. Synonyms: organization, framework, arrange
Subsequent (adjective) Definition: Coming after something in time. Example: Subsequent chapters discuss the findings. Synonyms: following, later, succeeding
Sufficient (adjective) Definition: Enough; adequate. Example: There is sufficient evidence to support the claim. Synonyms: enough, adequate, ample
Summarize (verb) Definition: To give a brief statement of the main points. Example: Summarize the article in your own words. Synonyms: sum up, condense, outline
Sustain (verb) Definition: To support or maintain over time. Example: It is difficult to sustain high energy levels. Synonyms: maintain, support, continue
Theory (noun) Definition: An idea or set of ideas that explains something. Example: The theory explains the phenomenon. Synonyms: hypothesis, idea, concept
Tradition (noun) Definition: A custom or belief passed down. Example: The festival is a local tradition. Synonyms: custom, practice, heritage
Transfer (verb/noun) Definition: (v) To move from one place to another; (n) the act of moving. Example: She transferred to a new university. Synonyms: move, relocate, shift
Transition (noun/verb) Definition: (n) The process of changing; (v) to change from one state to another. Example: The transition from high school to college can be challenging. Synonyms: change, shift, move
Trend (noun) Definition: A general direction in which something is developing. Example: There is a trend toward online learning. Synonyms: tendency, movement, direction
Undergo (verb) Definition: To experience or be subjected to something. Example: The patient will undergo surgery. Synonyms: experience, go through, endure
Utilize (verb) Definition: To make use of. Example: Students should utilize all available resources. Synonyms: use, employ, apply
Variable (noun/adjective) Definition: (n) Something that can change; (adj) not consistent. Example: Temperature is a variable in the experiment. Synonyms: factor, element, changeable
Verify (verb) Definition: To make sure or demonstrate that something is true. Example: Please verify your answers. Synonyms: confirm, validate, check
Via (preposition) Definition: By way of; through. Example: Send your application via email. Synonyms: through, by, by means of
Virtual (adjective) Definition: Almost or nearly as described, but not completely; existing online. Example: The university offers virtual classes. Synonyms: online, simulated, digital
Volume (noun) Definition: The amount of space something occupies; a book in a series. Example: The volume of traffic increases during rush hour. Synonyms: amount, quantity, book
Whereas (conjunction) Definition: In contrast or comparison with the fact that. Example: She likes math, whereas he prefers literature. Synonyms: while, although, but
Widespread (adjective) Definition: Found or distributed over a large area. Example: Internet access is widespread in urban areas. Synonyms: common, extensive, prevalent
TOEFL Reading Section Vocabulary List
Abstract (adjective) Definition: Existing in thought or as an idea, not having a physical or concrete existence. Example: The article discusses abstract concepts such as justice and freedom. Synonyms: theoretical, conceptual
Accumulate (verb) Definition: To gather or collect, often in gradual degrees. Example: Data accumulated over several years showed a clear trend. Synonyms: collect, amass, gather
Adjacent (adjective) Definition: Next to or adjoining something else. Example: The library is adjacent to the student center. Synonyms: neighboring, bordering
Albeit (conjunction) Definition: Although; even though. Example: The results were promising, albeit limited in scope. Synonyms: although, even though
Ambiguous (adjective) Definition: Open to more than one interpretation; not having one obvious meaning. Example: The author’s statement was ambiguous and caused confusion. Synonyms: unclear, vague
Attribute (noun/verb) Definition: (n) A quality or feature regarded as a characteristic; (v) to regard as resulting from. Example: Success is often attributed to hard work. Synonyms: characteristic, quality, ascribe
Bias (noun) Definition: A tendency to favor one thing over another, often unfairly. Example: The study tried to minimize bias in its results. Synonyms: prejudice, partiality
Coherent (adjective) Definition: Logical and consistent. Example: The essay was well-organized and coherent. Synonyms: logical, consistent
Coincide (verb) Definition: To occur at the same time. Example: The conference coincided with the university’s open day. Synonyms: correspond, concur
Comprise (verb) Definition: To consist of; to be made up of. Example: The committee comprises ten members. Synonyms: consist of, include
Deduce (verb) Definition: To reach a conclusion by reasoning. Example: From the evidence, we can deduce that the theory is correct. Synonyms: infer, conclude
Deficit (noun) Definition: The amount by which something is too small. Example: The country is facing a budget deficit. Synonyms: shortfall, shortage
Depict (verb) Definition: To represent or show in a picture or words. Example: The chart depicts the growth of the population. Synonyms: portray, illustrate
Derive (verb) Definition: To obtain something from a specified source. Example: Many English words are derived from Latin. Synonyms: obtain, originate
Diminish (verb) Definition: To make or become less. Example: The importance of the issue should not be diminished. Synonyms: decrease, reduce
Discrepancy (noun) Definition: A lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more facts. Example: There was a discrepancy between the two reports. Synonyms: inconsistency, difference
Discourse (noun) Definition: Written or spoken communication or debate. Example: Academic discourse often uses formal language. Synonyms: discussion, conversation
Disseminate (verb) Definition: To spread or disperse information widely. Example: The findings were disseminated through academic journals. Synonyms: spread, distribute
Empirical (adjective) Definition: Based on observation or experiment. Example: The hypothesis was supported by empirical evidence. Synonyms: experimental, observed
Evaluate (verb) Definition: To judge or determine the significance or quality of something. Example: Students are asked to evaluate the author’s argument. Synonyms: assess, appraise
Hypothetical (adjective) Definition: Based on or serving as a hypothesis. Example: The scenario is purely hypothetical. Synonyms: supposed, assumed
Imply (verb) Definition: To suggest without stating directly. Example: The author implies that the solution is simple. Synonyms: suggest, hint
Incorporate (verb) Definition: To include as part of a whole. Example: The essay incorporates several case studies. Synonyms: include, integrate
Indicate (verb) Definition: To point out or show. Example: The results indicate a need for further research. Synonyms: show, signal
Infer (verb) Definition: To deduce or conclude from evidence. Example: Readers can infer the author’s attitude from the text. Synonyms: deduce, conclude
Inhibit (verb) Definition: To hinder or restrain. Example: Certain factors may inhibit learning. Synonyms: hinder, prevent
Integrate (verb) Definition: To combine one thing with another to become whole. Example: The curriculum integrates science and technology. Synonyms: combine, incorporate
Justify (verb) Definition: To show or prove to be right or reasonable. Example: The author justifies his position with strong evidence. Synonyms: defend, support
Legitimate (adjective) Definition: Conforming to the law or rules; valid. Example: The research methods are legitimate. Synonyms: valid, lawful
Likewise (adverb) Definition: Similarly; in the same way. Example: The second study likewise found a correlation. Synonyms: similarly, also
Magnitude (noun) Definition: The great size or extent of something. Example: The magnitude of the problem is underestimated. Synonyms: size, extent
Manifest (verb/adjective) Definition: (v) To show or display; (adj) clear or obvious. Example: The results manifest a clear trend. Synonyms: display, show, evident
Mitigate (verb) Definition: To make less severe or serious. Example: The policy aims to mitigate climate change. Synonyms: alleviate, reduce
Objective (noun/adjective) Definition: (n) A goal; (adj) not influenced by personal feelings. Example: The main objective is to improve efficiency. Synonyms: goal, aim, impartial
Paradox (noun) Definition: A statement that contradicts itself but might be true. Example: The paradox of choice is discussed in the article. Synonyms: contradiction, inconsistency
Parameter (noun) Definition: A limit or boundary; a defining characteristic. Example: The study was conducted within strict parameters. Synonyms: limit, boundary
Plausible (adjective) Definition: Seeming reasonable or probable. Example: The explanation is plausible given the evidence. Synonyms: believable, credible
Precede (verb) Definition: To come before something in time. Example: The introduction precedes the main text. Synonyms: come before, lead
Predominant (adjective) Definition: Most common or most noticeable. Example: The predominant language is English. Synonyms: main, chief
Qualitative (adjective) Definition: Relating to the quality of something. Example: The study used qualitative methods. Synonyms: descriptive, subjective
Quantitative (adjective) Definition: Relating to the amount or number of something. Example: Quantitative data was collected through surveys. Synonyms: numerical, measurable
Refute (verb) Definition: To prove that something is wrong. Example: The author refutes the opposing argument. Synonyms: disprove, rebut
Reinforce (verb) Definition: To strengthen or support. Example: The data reinforces the initial hypothesis. Synonyms: strengthen, support
Relevant (adjective) Definition: Closely connected or appropriate to the matter. Example: Only relevant details should be included. Synonyms: pertinent, applicable
Reside (verb) Definition: To live in a particular place. Example: Many students reside on campus. Synonyms: live, dwell
Restrict (verb) Definition: To limit the size or amount of something. Example: The law restricts the use of mobile phones while driving. Synonyms: limit, confine
Substantiate (verb) Definition: To provide evidence to support or prove the truth of. Example: The claims are substantiated by recent research. Synonyms: prove, support
Subtle (adjective) Definition: Not obvious; delicate or precise. Example: The author uses subtle hints to foreshadow events. Synonyms: delicate, understated
Synthesize (verb) Definition: To combine different ideas to create a new whole. Example: The essay synthesizes information from multiple sources. Synonyms: combine, integrate
Underlying (adjective) Definition: Basic or fundamental but not immediately obvious. Example: The underlying cause of the problem is economic. Synonyms: fundamental, basic
Validate (verb) Definition: To confirm or prove the accuracy of something. Example: The results validate the hypothesis. Synonyms: confirm, verify
Variable (noun/adjective) Definition: (n) Something that can change; (adj) not consistent. Example: Temperature is a variable in the experiment. Synonyms: factor, element
Viable (adjective) Definition: Capable of working successfully. Example: The plan is economically viable. Synonyms: feasible, practical
Virtually (adverb) Definition: Nearly; almost. Example: The disease has been virtually eradicated. Synonyms: almost, nearly
Context Clue Strategies
Definition Clues: Look for direct explanations in the sentence or nearby sentences.
Restatement Clues: Sometimes the word is explained in simpler terms right after it.
Contrast Clues: Words like “however,” “but,” or “in contrast” signal an opposite meaning.
Example Clues: Examples can clarify the meaning of a word.
Practice Exercise
Sample Passage: “The scientist’s hypothesis was plausible, albeit lacking in empirical support. Subsequent studies aimed to substantiate her claims, but the data remained ambiguous.”
Questions:
What does “plausible” mean in this context?
Which word in the passage means “to provide evidence for”?
What context clue helps you understand “albeit”?
Answers:
Believable or credible
Substantiate
The contrast between “plausible” and “lacking in empirical support”
TOEFL Listening Section Vocabulary List
Allocate (verb) Definition: To distribute resources or duties. Example: The professor allocated extra time for questions. Synonyms: assign, distribute
Approximate (verb/adjective) Definition: (v) To estimate; (adj) close to the actual value. Example: The population is approximately 10,000. Synonyms: estimate, near
Articulate (verb) Definition: To express clearly. Example: She articulated her ideas well during the lecture. Synonyms: express, enunciate
Attribute (verb/noun) Definition: (v) To regard as caused by; (n) a characteristic. Example: The professor attributed the success to teamwork. Synonyms: ascribe, characteristic
Clarify (verb) Definition: To make clear. Example: Could you clarify your last point? Synonyms: explain, elucidate
Confer (verb) Definition: To discuss or exchange opinions. Example: The students conferred about the assignment. Synonyms: discuss, consult
Convey (verb) Definition: To communicate. Example: The lecturer conveyed complex ideas simply. Synonyms: communicate, express
Coordinate (verb) Definition: To organize activities or people. Example: The group coordinated their efforts for the project. Synonyms: organize, arrange
Criteria (noun) Definition: Standards for judging something. Example: The main criteria for grading are clarity and accuracy. Synonyms: standards, benchmarks
Cumulative (adjective) Definition: Increasing by successive additions. Example: The cumulative effect of small changes can be significant. Synonyms: collective, combined
Dedicate (verb) Definition: To devote time or effort. Example: She dedicated herself to her studies. Synonyms: devote, commit
Depict (verb) Definition: To represent or show. Example: The diagram depicts the process. Synonyms: illustrate, portray
Derive (verb) Definition: To obtain from a source. Example: The term is derived from Latin. Synonyms: obtain, originate
Devise (verb) Definition: To plan or invent. Example: The team devised a new strategy. Synonyms: invent, plan
Emphasize (verb) Definition: To give special importance to. Example: The lecturer emphasized the key points. Synonyms: highlight, stress
Enumerate (verb) Definition: To list one by one. Example: The professor enumerated several causes of the problem. Synonyms: list, itemize
Facilitate (verb) Definition: To make easier. Example: Technology facilitates communication. Synonyms: ease, assist
Fluctuate (verb) Definition: To change frequently. Example: Prices fluctuate throughout the year. Synonyms: vary, change
Highlight (verb) Definition: To emphasize or make prominent. Example: The speaker highlighted the main findings. Synonyms: emphasize, underline
Illustrate (verb) Definition: To explain with examples or images. Example: The professor illustrated the concept with a diagram. Synonyms: demonstrate, show
Manipulate (verb) Definition: To handle or control. Example: Scientists manipulate variables in experiments. Synonyms: control, handle
Mediate (verb) Definition: To act as a go-between. Example: The advisor mediated the disagreement. Synonyms: intervene, arbitrate
Modify (verb) Definition: To change or alter. Example: The professor modified the assignment. Synonyms: alter, adjust
Monitor (verb) Definition: To observe and check progress. Example: The system monitors temperature changes. Synonyms: observe, track
Noteworthy (adjective) Definition: Worth paying attention to. Example: The results are noteworthy for their accuracy. Synonyms: remarkable, significant
Outline (verb/noun) Definition: (v) To give a summary; (n) a general description. Example: The lecturer outlined the main arguments. Synonyms: summarize, describe
Parameter (noun) Definition: A limit or boundary. Example: The experiment was conducted within strict parameters. Synonyms: limit, boundary
Perceive (verb) Definition: To become aware of. Example: Students perceived a change in the schedule. Synonyms: notice, sense
Pertinent (adjective) Definition: Relevant or applicable. Example: The question is pertinent to the topic. Synonyms: relevant, appropriate
Predominant (adjective) Definition: Most common or noticeable. Example: The predominant theme was cooperation. Synonyms: main, chief
Qualify (verb) Definition: To meet the necessary requirements. Example: He qualified for the scholarship. Synonyms: meet requirements, be eligible
Quantify (verb) Definition: To measure or express as a number. Example: It’s difficult to quantify the impact. Synonyms: measure, count
Reiterate (verb) Definition: To say again for emphasis. Example: The lecturer reiterated the key point. Synonyms: repeat, restate
Relate (verb) Definition: To show or make a connection. Example: The professor related the topic to current events. Synonyms: connect, link
Signify (verb) Definition: To be a sign of; to indicate. Example: A red light signifies stopping. Synonyms: indicate, mean
Simultaneous (adjective) Definition: Happening at the same time. Example: The two events were simultaneous. Synonyms: concurrent, synchronous
Specify (verb) Definition: To state clearly and in detail. Example: Please specify your requirements. Synonyms: state, detail
Subsequent (adjective) Definition: Coming after something in time. Example: Subsequent lectures will cover more topics. Synonyms: following, later
Summarize (verb) Definition: To give a brief statement of the main points. Example: Can you summarize the lecture? Synonyms: sum up, condense
Sustain (verb) Definition: To support or maintain. Example: The speaker sustained the argument with evidence. Synonyms: maintain, support
Transition (noun/verb) Definition: (n) The process of changing; (v) to change from one state to another. Example: The transition from theory to practice is challenging. Synonyms: change, shift
Transmit (verb) Definition: To send or convey. Example: The virus is transmitted through the air. Synonyms: send, convey
Trigger (verb/noun) Definition: (v) To cause something to happen; (n) a cause. Example: The announcement triggered a reaction. Synonyms: cause, initiate
Validate (verb) Definition: To confirm or prove. Example: The data validated the theory. Synonyms: confirm, verify
Visualize (verb) Definition: To form a mental image. Example: Try to visualize the process described. Synonyms: imagine, picture
Yield (verb) Definition: To produce or provide. Example: The experiment yielded surprising results. Synonyms: produce, generate
Transition Words & Signposting (for Lectures and Discussions)
Moreover, consequently, nevertheless, for instance, in contrast, furthermore, finally, previously, subsequently, as a result, therefore, obviously, indeed, certainly
Strategies for Recognizing Vocabulary in Rapid Speech
Listen for stress and intonation: Lecturers often emphasize key terms.
Note transition words: They signal important points or changes in topic6.
Practice with authentic lectures: Exposure to different accents and speeds improves recognition.
Take notes: Jot down keywords as you listen.
TOEFL Writing Section Vocabulary List
Academic Essay Vocabulary
Substantiate (verb)
Definition: To provide evidence to support or prove the truth of something.
Example: You need to substantiate your argument with credible evidence.
Synonyms: support, prove, validate
Corroborate (verb)
Definition: To confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding.
Example: The data corroborates the author’s claims.
Synonyms: confirm, support, validate
Underscore (verb)
Definition: To emphasize or highlight the importance of something.
Example: This example underscores the importance of early intervention.
Synonyms: emphasize, highlight, stress
Refute (verb)
Definition: To prove that something is wrong or false.
Example: The essay refutes the opposing viewpoint with strong evidence.
Synonyms: disprove, rebut, contradict
Concede (verb)
Definition: To admit that something is true or valid after first denying or resisting it.
Example: The author concedes that there are limitations to the study.
Synonyms: admit, acknowledge, accept
Contend (verb)
Definition: To argue or state something in a strong and definite way.
Example: I contend that stricter regulations are necessary.
Synonyms: argue, assert, claim
Advocate (verb)
Definition: To publicly recommend or support.
Example: The paper advocates for renewable energy sources.
Synonyms: support, recommend, promote
Assert (verb)
Definition: To state a fact or belief confidently and forcefully.
Example: The writer asserts that technology enhances learning.
Synonyms: declare, affirm, state
Elucidate (verb)
Definition: To make something clear; to explain.
Example: The introduction elucidates the main argument.
Synonyms: clarify, explain, illuminate
Synthesize (verb)
Definition: To combine different ideas or information to form a coherent whole.
Example: The conclusion synthesizes information from multiple sources.
Synonyms: combine, integrate, blend
Developing Arguments & Supporting Evidence
Bolster (verb)
Definition: To support or strengthen.
Example: Statistics bolster the central argument.
Synonyms: strengthen, reinforce, support
Justify (verb)
Definition: To show or prove to be right or reasonable.
Example: The author justifies the claim with recent research.
Synonyms: defend, validate, substantiate
Qualify (verb)
Definition: To modify or restrict a statement.
Example: The statement is qualified by several exceptions.
Synonyms: modify, limit, restrict
Delineate (verb)
Definition: To describe or portray something precisely.
Example: The essay delineates the differences between the two theories.
Synonyms: describe, outline, define
Enumerate (verb)
Definition: To mention things one by one.
Example: The author enumerates three main causes.
Synonyms: list, itemize, detail
Imply (verb)
Definition: To suggest something without stating it directly.
Example: The text implies that more research is needed.
Synonyms: suggest, hint, indicate
Infer (verb)
Definition: To deduce or conclude information from evidence and reasoning.
Example: One can infer the author’s stance from the conclusion.
Synonyms: deduce, conclude, reason
Demonstrate (verb)
Definition: To clearly show the existence or truth of something by giving proof or evidence.
Example: The study demonstrates a clear correlation.
Synonyms: show, prove, illustrate
Highlight (verb)
Definition: To emphasize or make something stand out.
Example: The results highlight the need for further investigation.
Synonyms: emphasize, underline, stress
Reinforce (verb)
Definition: To strengthen or support, especially with additional evidence.
Example: The findings reinforce the initial hypothesis.
Synonyms: strengthen, support, bolster
Transitional Phrases for Coherence
Consequently (adverb)
Definition: As a result; therefore.
Example: Consequently, the results should be interpreted with caution.
Synonyms: therefore, thus, as a result
Furthermore (adverb)
Definition: In addition; besides.
Example: Furthermore, the study offers practical recommendations.
Synonyms: moreover, additionally, besides
Nevertheless (adverb)
Definition: In spite of that; however.
Example: Nevertheless, the argument remains persuasive.
Synonyms: however, nonetheless, still
In contrast (phrase)
Definition: Used to show difference between two things.
Example: In contrast, previous studies found no correlation.
Synonyms: on the other hand, conversely, however
On the other hand (phrase)
Definition: Used to introduce a contrasting point of view.
Example: On the other hand, some experts disagree.
Synonyms: conversely, in contrast, alternatively
Similarly (adverb)
Definition: In a similar way.
Example: Similarly, recent research supports this view.
Synonyms: likewise, in the same way, correspondingly
Moreover (adverb)
Definition: Besides; in addition to what was just stated.
Example: Moreover, the evidence is compelling.
Synonyms: furthermore, additionally, also
As a result (phrase)
Definition: Because of something that happened.
Example: As a result, the hypothesis was confirmed.
Synonyms: consequently, therefore, thus
Therefore (adverb)
Definition: For that reason; because of that.
Example: Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude…
Synonyms: thus, hence, consequently
Subsequently (adverb)
Definition: After a particular thing has happened; afterward.
Example: Subsequently, the policy was revised.
Synonyms: later, afterward, thereafter
Nuanced and Sophisticated Analysis
Ambiguous (adjective)
Definition: Open to more than one interpretation; not having one obvious meaning.
Example: The author’s position is somewhat ambiguous.
Synonyms: unclear, vague, equivocal
Nuance (noun)
Definition: A subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude.
Example: The essay explores the nuances of the debate.
Synonyms: subtlety, distinction, shade
Paradox (noun)
Definition: A statement that seems contradictory but may be true.
Example: This creates a paradox within the argument.
Synonyms: contradiction, inconsistency, anomaly
Pragmatic (adjective)
Definition: Dealing with things sensibly and realistically.
Example: A pragmatic solution is required.
Synonyms: practical, realistic, sensible
Salient (adjective)
Definition: Most noticeable or important.
Example: The salient features of the proposal are outlined.
Synonyms: prominent, notable, important
Intrinsic (adjective)
Definition: Belonging naturally; essential.
Example: The value of education is intrinsic.
Synonyms: inherent, innate, essential
Empirical (adjective)
Definition: Based on observation or experience rather than theory or logic.
Example: The argument is supported by empirical data.
Synonyms: observed, experimental, factual
Framework (noun)
Definition: A basic structure underlying a system, concept, or text.
Example: The study provides a useful framework for analysis.
Synonyms: structure, system, outline
Ramification (noun)
Definition: A consequence of an action or event, especially when complex or unwelcome.
Example: The essay discusses the ramifications of the policy.
Synonyms: consequence, result, outcome
Viable (adjective)
Definition: Capable of working successfully; feasible.
Example: The proposal is not economically viable.
Synonyms: feasible, workable, practical
Sample Sentences for Effective Implementation
To illustrate, Example: To illustrate, recent studies demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach.
In summary, Example: In summary, both viewpoints offer valuable insights.
It follows that Example: It follows that further research is necessary.
Given these points, Example: Given these points, the argument for reform is strong.
Taken together, Example: Taken together, the evidence supports the main claim.
On balance, Example: On balance, the benefits of renewable energy outweigh the drawbacks.
For this reason, Example: For this reason, policymakers should prioritize early childhood education.
To put it another way, Example: To put it another way, technology can bridge the gap between rural and urban communities.
In light of this, Example: In light of this, it is clear that stricter regulations are necessary.
As previously mentioned, Example: As previously mentioned, collaboration leads to more innovative solutions.
TOEFL Speaking Section Vocabulary List
Transition Phrases & Academic Expressions
To begin with Example: To begin with, I believe education is the foundation of success.
For instance Example: Many people, for instance, prefer online courses due to flexibility.
In my view Example: In my view, cities should invest more in public transportation.
That being said Example: That being said, there are some drawbacks to this approach.
On the contrary Example: On the contrary, some students find group work distracting.
To elaborate Example: To elaborate, I think technology can enhance learning.
As a result Example: As a result, test scores improved significantly.
In addition Example: In addition, students gain valuable teamwork experience.
Conversely Example: Conversely, working alone can foster independence.
Ultimately Example: Ultimately, the decision depends on individual preferences.
Vocabulary for Articulating Opinions, Agreements, and Disagreements
Frankly Example: Frankly, I don’t think the policy will be effective.
Admittedly Example: Admittedly, there are some benefits to this system.
To some extent Example: To some extent, I agree with the proposal.
I would argue Example: I would argue that stricter laws are necessary.
Explaining Concepts Clearly and Precisely
Clarify Example: Let me clarify my position on this issue.
Illustrate Example: I’d like to illustrate this with a personal example.
Emphasize Example: I want to emphasize the importance of regular practice.
Summarize Example: To summarize, both options have advantages.
Highlight Example: I’d like to highlight the main reasons for my choice.
Define Example: First, let me define what I mean by “success.”
Demonstrate Example: I can demonstrate this point with recent research.
Outline Example: Let me outline my main arguments.
Specify Example: Could you specify what you mean by “resources”?
Distinguish Example: It’s important to distinguish between fact and opinion.
Advanced Words to Impress Speaking Raters
Cognizant Example: I am cognizant of the challenges involved in this task.
Nuance Example: There’s a nuance to this issue that is often overlooked.
Pragmatic Example: A pragmatic approach would yield better results.
Salient Example: The most salient point is the impact on students.
Ambivalent Example: I feel ambivalent about the proposed changes.
Intrinsic Example: Motivation is intrinsic to personal achievement.
Fortuitous Example: Our meeting was fortuitous and led to collaboration.
Ramification Example: We must consider the ramifications of this decision.
Tenuous Example: The connection between the two ideas is tenuous.
Ubiquitous Example: Technology is ubiquitous in modern classrooms.
Practical Usage in Speaking
To illustrate, Example: To illustrate, my own experience shows the value of teamwork.
From my perspective, Example: From my perspective, remote work offers more flexibility.
It is evident that Example: It is evident that students benefit from smaller class sizes.
In contrast, Example: In contrast, traditional methods may not be as effective.
This suggests that Example: This suggests that further research is needed.
To conclude, Example: To conclude, I support the new policy.
A case in point Example: A case in point is the recent success of online learning platforms.
For the most part Example: For the most part, people support the change.
Notably Example: Notably, attendance rates have improved.
In essence Example: In essence, communication skills are vital.
TOEFL Wordlist: Conclusion
Building a strong TOEFL vocabulary isn’t just about memorizing lists. It’s about making these words a natural part of your everyday English. By weaving academic terms and transition phrases into your daily conversations, writing, and even your thoughts, you’ll find that using them on test day feels much more comfortable and automatic.
Consistent practice is key. Challenge yourself to use new words when speaking with friends, writing emails, or summarizing articles. The more you actively incorporate these essential words into your routine, the more confident and fluent you’ll become, setting yourself up for success on the TOEFL and beyond.
